The center of Israel’s weapons program is the Negev Nuclear Research Center near the desert town of Dimona (the center is usually identified simply as “Dimona”). A nuclear reactor and plutonium production facility was built by France at this facility in the late 1950s and early 60s. All of the production and fabrication of special nuclear materials (plutonium, lithium-6 deuteride, and enriched and unenriched uranium) occurs at Dimona although the design and assembly of nuclear weapons occurs elsewhere.

The Dimona complex has nine buildings (”Machons”, Hebrew for “facility”). The plant employs 2700 people.

Machon 1 is the reactor building with its 60 foot silver dome.
Machon 2 is where Vanunu worked, along 150 other people. From outside, Machon 2 is a nondescript two story windowless building 80 feet wide and 200 feet long. The above-ground structure houses an air filtration plant, some offices, storage space, and a worker’s canteen. Also in the structure is the entrance to limited access elevators that transport people to the six underground levels, extending eightly feet below the surface. This hidden area houses an automated Purex plutonium separation plant, plutonium fabrication and reclamation shops, and fabrication shops for bomb components made out of lithium deuteride and beryllium. The separation plant is housed in a production hall (called “The Tunnel” that occupies the first four levels. Level 5 is the fabrication area for plutonium, lithium deuteride, and beryllium. The Tunnel normally operates one 34 week long “production campaign” each year, being closed for servicing and refurbishment the rest of the year.

Machon 3 is a chemical plant that produces lithium-6 deuteride and also processes natural uranium and fabricates reactor fuel rods.
Machon 4 is a waste treatment plant for the radioactive effluent from the plutonium extraction process in Machon 2 . This plant presumably converts the waste products for convenient disposal, and may also separate the uranium for reuse.
Machon 5 coats the uranium fuel rodes with aluminum.
Machon 6 is the physical plant for Dimona, providing power and other services.
Machon 8 (there is no Machon 7) contains a laboratory for testing and process development. This building houses Unit 840, which operates gas centrifuges for enriching uranium.
Machon 9 houses a laser isotope enrichment plant, also for enriching uranium.
Machon 10 produces depleted uranium metal for anti-armor ammunition use.

http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Israel/index.html

Duration : 0:4:28

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France has never ratified the Partial Test Ban Treaty, giving it the capability to conduct nuclear tests. However, it has signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. On 28 January 1996 then-President Jacques Chirac said the French military would not conduct any more nuclear tests. France denies currently having chemical weapons, ratified the chemical weapons Convention (CWC) in 1995, and acceded to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) in 1984. France had also ratified the Geneva Protocol in 1926.

Duration : 0:0:38

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Photographs of Baker are unique among nuclear detonation pictures. The blinding flash that usually obscures the target area took place underwater and was barely seen. The clear image of ships in the foreground and background gives a sense of scale. The large Wilson cloud and the vertical water column are distinctive Baker shot features, making the pictures easily identifiable. The most notable picture shows a mark where the 27,000 ton battleship Arkansas was.

As with Able, any ships that remained afloat within 1,000 yards of the detonation were seriously damaged, but this time the damage came from below, from water pressure rather than air pressure. The greatest difference between the two shots, however, was the radioactive contamination of all the target ships by Baker. Regardless of the degree of damage, only nine surviving Baker target ships were eventually decontaminated and sold for scrap. The rest were sunk at sea after decontamination efforts failed.

The 167 Bikini residents were moved to the uninhabited Rongerik Atoll prior to Crossroads, but were unable to feed themselves in the new environment. Visitors to Rongerik reported the islanders were facing potential starvation by January 1947, suffering malnutrition by July, and emaciated by January 1948. In March 1948 they were evacuated to Kwajalein Atoll, and then settled onto another uninhabited island, Kili, in November. With only one third of a square mile, Kili has one tenth the land area of Bikini and, more importantly, has no lagoon and no protected harbor. Unable to practice their native culture of lagoon fishing, they have been dependent on food shipments ever since. Their four thousand descendents today are living on several islands and in foreign countries.

Their desire to return to Bikini was thwarted indefinitely by the U.S. decision to resume nuclear testing at Bikini in 1954. During the spring and summer months of 1954, 1956, and 1958, twenty-one more nuclear bombs were detonated at Bikini, yielding a total of 75 megatons, equivalent to more than three thousand Baker bombs. Only one was a “self cleansing” air burst, the 3.8 megaton Redwing Cherokee test. The rest were surface bursts producing massive local fallout. The first after Crossroads was the dirtiest: the 15 megaton Bravo shot of Operation Castle on March 1, 1954, the largest ever U.S. test. Fallout from Bravo caused radiation injury to Bikini islanders who were living on Rongelap Atoll at the time.

The brief attempt to resettle Bikini from 1974 until 1978 was aborted when health problems from radioactivity in the food supply caused the atoll to be evacuated again. Sport divers who visit Bikini to dive on the shipwrecks must eat imported food. The lagoon is teeming with fish, but none of it is safe to eat.

Following test Baker decontamination problems, the United States Navy equipped newly constructed ships with a CounterMeasure WashDown System (CMWDS) of piping and nozzles to cover exterior surfaces of the ship with a spray of salt water from the firefighting system when nuclear attack appeared imminent. The film of flowing water would theoretically prevent contaminants from settling into cracks and crevices.

The name “Bikini” was adopted for bikini swimwear during Operation Crossroads; a coincidence of explosive shock perhaps (”like the bomb, the bikini is small and devastating”), and the realization that “atom bombs reduce everybody to primitive costume.”

The 1976 Bruce Conner film Crossroads utilizes research footage coupled with a Terry Riley soundtrack.

The 1988 film Radio Bikini was nominated for the Best Documentary Feature Oscar. Directed by Robert Stone, it recounts the story of Operation Crossroads, concentrating on how it affected the Bikini islanders (they were deported en masse to Rongerik Atoll) and the servicemen who took part in the operation. The film almost exclusively uses archival footage, much of it in color. Video of the Crossroads Baker explosion is among the most often shown videos of a nuclear explosion, and exists in many sources.

Duration : 0:8:0

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Duration : 0:3:39

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Duration : 0:1:30

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Duration : 0:4:39

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Part 2

Duration : 0:10:2

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more: www.myspace.com/mrju

Duration : 0:4:6

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Part 4

Duration : 0:10:4

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Duration : 0:2:59

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